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Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software top binary options software librariesmany of which are provided by the GNU Project. Popular Linux distributions [16] [17] [18] include Debiantop binary options software, Fedoraand Ubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, top binary options software.
Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Waylandand a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma. Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.
Linux also runs on embedded systemsi. devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes routersautomation controls, smart home technology like Google Nest[32] televisions Samsung and LG Smart TVs use Tizen and WebOSrespectively[33] [34] [35] automobiles for example, Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, top binary options software, Hyundai, and Toyota all rely on Linux[36] digital video recordersvideo game consolesand smartwatches.
Linux is one of the most prominent examples top binary options software free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier.
As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. The GNU Projectstarted in by Richard Stallmanhad the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in By the early s, many of the programs required in an operating system such as libraries, compilerstext editorsa command-line shelland a windowing system were completed, although low-level elements such as device driversdaemonsand the kernelcalled GNU Hurdwere stalled and incomplete, top binary options software.
Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the timehe would not have decided to write his own. Torvalds has also stated that if BSD had been available at the time, he probably would not have created Linux. MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbauma computer science professor, and released in as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles.
Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April Inwhile attending the University of HelsinkiTorvalds became curious about operating systems.
Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and applications written for MINIX were also used on Linux, top binary options software. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL. Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention " Freax ", a portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x" as an allusion to Unix.
During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's makefiles included the name "Freax" for about half a year.
Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux", but initially dismissed it as too egotistical. In order to facilitate top binary options software, the files were uploaded to the FTP server ftp. fi of FUNET in September Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology HUTwho was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds.
To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide listen help · info with the kernel source code. Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mids in the supercomputing community, top binary options software, where organizations such as NASA started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with clusters of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux.
Commercial use began when Dell and IBMfollowed by Hewlett-Packardstarted offering Linux support to escape Microsoft 's monopoly in the desktop operating system market. Today, top binary options software, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to virtually all supercomputers[31] [55] and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular LAMP application stack. Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing.
Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being one of the most dominant operating systems on smartphones and very popular on tablets and, more recently, on wearables. Linux gaming is also top binary options software the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out SteamOStop binary options software, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution.
Linux distributions have also gained popularity with top binary options software local and national governments, such as the federal government of Brazil. Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for top binary options software Linux kernel and guides its development. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries.
Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions. Many open source developers agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather evolved through natural selection.
Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, top binary options software grew with a lot of mutations - and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than alpha-particles in DNA.
From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers. Such a system uses a monolithic kernelthe Linux kerneltop binary options software, which handles process control, networking, access to the peripheralsand file systems.
Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel, or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running. The GNU userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The Project's implementation top binary options software the C library works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development including the compilers used to build the Linux kernel itselfand the coreutils implement many basic Unix tools.
The project also develops Basha popular CLI shell. The graphical user interface or GUI used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the X Window System. Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems. Installed components of a Linux system include the following: [72] [73].
The user interfacealso known as the shellis either a command-line interface CLIa graphical user interface GUIor controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console. CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for top binary options software input and output.
The dominant shell used in Linux is the Bourne-Again Shell bashoriginally developed for the GNU project. Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the userlanduse the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple inter-process communication. On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the GUI shellspackaged together with extensive desktop environmentssuch as KDE PlasmaGNOMEMATECinnamonLXDEtop binary options software, Pantheon and Xfcetop binary options software, though a variety of additional user interfaces exist.
Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window Systemoften simply called "X". It provides network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network.
Org Serverbeing the most popular. Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface towards end-users, designed for the use-case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux based. Several types of window managers exist top binary options software X11, including tilingdynamicstacking and compositing.
Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System. Simpler X window managers such as dwmratpoisoni3wmor herbstluftwm provide a minimalist functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as FVWMEnlightenment or Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in taskbar and themesbut are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments.
Desktop environments include window managers as part of their standard installations, such as Mutter GNOMEKWin KDE or Xfwm xfcealthough users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred. Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of [update]it has not received wider adoption. Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager.
Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display top binary options software, window manager and compositing manager. Weston is the reference implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and KDE's KWin are being ported to Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input devices: V4L2 API for video streams and radio, top binary options software, and DVB API for digital TV reception.
Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled top binary options software those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices.
Also, a good top binary options software device library is top binary options software key of the success for having userspace applications to be able to work with all formats supported by those devices. The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software.
Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. The most common free software license, the GNU General Public License GPLis a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU Project. Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX[81] SUStop binary options software, [82] LSBISOand ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.
Free software projects, although developed through collaborationare often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, top binary options software, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.
Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities.
A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as aptyumtop binary options software, zypperpacman or portage to install, remove, and update all of a system's software from one central location.
A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, Debian being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as Red Hat does with Fedoraand SUSE does with openSUSE.
In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups LUGs seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, top binary options software, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Online forums are another means for support, with notable examples being LinuxQuestions.
org and the various distribution specific support and community forums, such as ones for UbuntuFedoraand Gentoo.
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